What is that Popping Sound?
By the team at Haavik Research
If you have been adjusted before by a chiropractor you may have noticed a popping sound, that may seem a little strange. Many people think all kinds of strange things about this popping sound, so let’s set the record straight.
The popping sound is only the formation of gas within a joint, and it’s no more significant than any other gas release from the body.
The popping sound does not mean that you’re getting arthritis. A number of studies have looked at people who have routinely cracked their knuckles for years and years and compared them to non-knuckle crackers to see if there’s any difference in x-ray images of their hands.(1) These studies all came back with the same conclusion. Habitual knuckle cracking over the course of several decades is not associated with clinical or radiographic evidence of osteoarthritis. Of course you could argue that the spine is part of your weight bearing system and hands are not, so you could ask can you really compare the two? But all the evidence that is available suggests that cracking joints has nothing to do with causing arthritis.
The popping sound does not actually matter at all. Whether or not you hear the popping sound makes absolutely no difference to how good the adjustment was. There have been several research studies that have looked at whether adjustments with the popping sound meant there were better outcomes for the patients being adjusted, but all these studies show that it makes no difference whether or not there was a popping sound.(2, 3)
All it really means is that the chiropractor adjusted you really fast. We do know that higher adjustment speed means you are more likely to get a popping sound.(4) But this popping sound does not mean you will get better outcomes from your adjustment. Silent adjustments, if they improve spinal function, are just as good as loud popping ones.
There have been all sorts of theories about what the popping sound really is. Some have thought the sound was caused by tendons snapping over a joint, or a bone being put back into place, or the snapping of adhesions or scar tissue.(5) Recently there was a really cool study done that actually looked at what was happening in a joint when there was popping sounds.(6)
The researchers of this study used video magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to study what happened in a person’s finger joint when they pulled his finger until his knuckle made the popping sound. So they used a cable attached to his finger and slowly pulled his finger until it cracked while recording this with video MRI. They then measured the space between the joint surfaces before and after the crack using automatic computer software.
What they found was that the joints remained very close together during the early stages of the finger being pulled, and then when the force of the pull was strong enough the joint would very quickly separate and a bubble would form, and this was when the popping sound was heard.
This means that the popping sound you hear when a chiropractor adjusts you is simply a change in state between liquid and gas within a joint. There is a really cool name for this too. It’s called tribonucleation – try that one after a few drinks. It’s actually very similar to what happens when you open a champagne bottle, but it’s all happening in an enclosed joint space.
Early on it was thought that the popping sound was associated with unhealthy joints, but as far back as the 1930’s scientists were showing that this also occurs in perfectly healthy joints.
So keep in mind next time you get adjusted by your chiropractor that the popping sound doesn’t have anything to do with bones grinding or rubbing, but instead is simply gas bubbles forming within a joint as your adjustment separates two joint surfaces that are close together.
References
Kawchuk GN, Fryer J, Jaremko JL, et al. Real-time visualization of joint cavitation. PLoS One 2015;10(4):e0119470.
Powers T, Kelsberg G, Safranek S. Does knuckle popping lead to arthritis? 2016
Cleland JA, Flynn TW, Childs JD, et al. The audible pop from thoracic spine thrust manipulation and its relation to short-term outcomes in patients with neck pain. Journal of manual & manipulative therapy 2007;15(3):143-54.
Cramer GD, Ross JK, Raju P, et al. Distribution of cavitations as identified with accelerometry during lumbar spinal manipulation. Journal of manipulative and physiological therapeutics 2011;34(9):572-83.
Williams JM, Cuesta-Vargas A. Quantification of Prone Thoracic Manipulation Using Inertial Sensor–Derived Accelerations. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics 2014;37(4):230-35.
Protopapas MG, Cymet TC. Joint cracking and popping: understanding noises that accompany articular release. Journal of Osteopathic Medicine 2002;102(5):283-87.
Dr. Lou Jacobs has been a chiropractor and acupuncturist in Portland, Maine for over 20 years. His office is located at 138 St. John Street in Portland. His office is accepting new patients.